fabrizia

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Academic interests

In the framework of conservation science, my research focuses on nanotechnologies for restoration, deacidification methods of ligno-cellulosic materials and design of organic-inorganic nanocomposites applied to cultural heritage.

Background

I received my B.Sc, and M.Sc. in Conservation Science from University of Florence. As a visiting PhD candidate in 2014–2015, I spent almost two years at our Saving Oseberg laboratory in Bygdøy, where I investigated the mechanisms leading to the deterioration of alum-treated wood. In 2017 I received my PhD in Chemical Sciences from the Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI)/University of Florence. My PhD thesis deals with the design and application of nanotechnologies for the restoration of alum-treated archaeological wood.

Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Fugazzotto, Maura; Ferri, Lavinia de; Bertino, Antonella; Andriulo, Fabrizio & Barone, Germana [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Exploitation of IR statistical results as a guidance for the multi-technique study of synthetic and natural iron-based pigments. Microchemical Journal. ISSN 0026-265X. 197. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.109851. Full text in Research Archive
Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Ferri, Lavinia de; Xu, Zhuo; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Razavi, Nima [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Structural properties of volcanic precursors-based geopolymers before and after natural weathering. Ceramics International. ISSN 0272-8842. 49, p. 21892–21902. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.04.013. Full text in Research Archive
Andriulo, Fabrizio; Vespignani, L.; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Bortolini, M. & Ferri, Lavinia de (2022). Evaluation of sol-gel hybrid nanocomposites for dry medieval wood. Journal of Cultural Heritage. ISSN 1296-2074. 56, p. 96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.06.004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Viking Age archaeological wooden objects from the Oseberg find have undergone extensive chemical de- terioration due to the original conservation treatment, based on alum salts (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O), done in the early 1900s. Today, the artefacts are highly acidic (pH ≤2), fragile and the wood has almost completely lost its structural integrity. This study is part of a wider research project on conservation methods for these finds, currently underway. Multi-functional organic/inorganic hybrid systems, engineered to deacidify and consolidate alum- treated wood in a single step, have been studied. These products, made of a polysiloxanes’ network and nanostructured Ca(OH) 2 , have given promising results in terms of penetration, deacidification, consolida- tion and maintenance of the wood properties. This work provides a comparison between two hybrid systems having in common a backbone of poly(dimethylsiloxane) hydroxy–terminated (PDMS-OH) and alkaline nanoparticles (NPs) (as deacidify- ing agent), along with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) applied to fresh and archaeological wood, respectively. Colour, pH, dimensions, SEM-EDS and ultrasonic velocity measurements, in addition to hardness tests, were collected on the treated mock-ups to investigate the outcomes of the two systems in terms of conservation efficacy. FTIR-ATR and DVS have also been carried out for systems characterization. From the analysis performed, the most promising hybrid system seems to be the one prepared with MTES as structural polymer. In addition, it has been highlighted the requirement of a method for sol application other than immersion when objects are already treated with resins.
Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Ferri, Lavinia de; Barone, Germana & Mazzoleni, Paolo (2022). Effect of atmospheric exposure on alkali activated binders and mortars from Mt. Etna volcanic precursors. Materials Letters. ISSN 0167-577X. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131940. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Volcanic pyroclastic residues from Mt. Etna have been recently used to produce alkali activated materials to be employed in the restoration of the ancient buildings of the Etnean area. With the aim of preliminarily testing the durability of these products, binders and mortars have been exposed outdoors for six months. The characterization was achieved by a multi-analytical approach to determine the effect of the weathering; variations were evaluated in terms of composition, mechanical properties, dynamic vapour sorption, and visual aspect before and after exposure. The results show that both alkali activated binders and mortars are barely affected by atmospheric exposure.
Freeman, Ashley Amanda; Ferri, Lavinia De; Mazurek, Joy; Andriulo, Fabrizio & Bertolin, Chiara (2021). A Multi-Analytical Approach for the Characterization of Seventeenth Century Decorative Wall Paintings in Two Norwegian Stave Churches: A Case Study at Eidsborg and Heddal, Norway. Applied Sciences. 11(8). doi: 10.3390/app11083477. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The presented research examines 17th century distemper paint from the polychrome wooden interiors of two Norwegian stave churches: Eidsborg and Heddal. For the first time, the inorganic and organic components of specimens from Eidsborg and Heddal were identified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM)—Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization. This multi-analytical approach allowed for the identification of red ochre as the main red pigment within the topcoat (with the possible addition of minium), confirmed that a chalk basecoat was used, and finally permitted the recognition of alteration phases. Markers of proteinaceous material attributed to the use of animal-based glues were detected throughout the stratigraphic layers of both churches, with the addition of linseed oil in some locations. Furthermore, the wood substrate showed markers characteristic of pine tree, with contamination of wood fractions being detected in some of the paint samples from Heddal and Eidsborg. This research has contributed to a better understanding of the current preservation state of Heddal and Eidsborg, and ultimately assisted in developing a deeper comprehension and awareness of materials used in Norwegian stave churches.
Lucejko, Jeannette Jacqueline; LaMotte, Anne de; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Kutzke, Hartmut; Harding, Stephen Ernest & Phillips-Jones, Mary K [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluation of Soda Lignin from Wheat Straw/Sarkanda Grass as a Potential Future Consolidant for Archaeological Wood. Forests. 12(7). doi: 10.3390/f12070911. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This work is part of a larger study, which aims to use soda lignin from straw as the starting point for a non-aqueous consolidant for highly degraded archaeological wood from the Oseberg collection. This wood was treated with alum salts in the early 1900s, is actively degrading and exists in varying states of preservation. Non-aqueous consolidants are an option to stabilize this wood mechanically in cases where it is too deteriorated to undergo aqueous-based retreatments, for example using polyethylene glycol. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of penetration of two soda lignin preparations in low- to medium-degraded archaeological pine. The soda lignins were dissolved in ethyl acetate and had two molecular weight groups: P1000 (molecular weight Mw of~3 kDa) and the ethyl acetate fraction FB01 (Mw of ~1 kDa). Penetration after immersion was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy and analytical pyrolysis. Treated specimens were also evaluated using weight and dimensional change and scanning electron microscopy. Both lignins penetrated into sample cores, but P1000 did not penetrate as well as FB01. This may be due to differences in their molecular weights, but also differences in polarity due to the presence of different functional groups.
Cutajar, Michelle; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Thomsett, Megan R.; Moore, Jonathan C.; Couturaud, Benoit & Howdle, Steven M. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Terpene polyacrylate TPA5 shows favorable molecular hydrodynamic properties as a potential bioinspired archaeological wood consolidant. Scientific Reports. 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86543-1. Full text in Research Archive
Lu, YuDong; Joosten, Lionard; Donkers, Jacqueline; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Slaghek, Ted M. & Phillips-Jones, Mary K. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Characterisation of mass distributions of solvent-fractionated lignins using analytical ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography methods. Scientific Reports. 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93424-0. Full text in Research Archive
Marketou, Ariadni Kostomitsopoulou; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Handberg, Søren (2020). Egyptian Blue Pellets from the First Century BCE Workshop of Kos (Greece): Microanalytical Investigation by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Minerals. 10. doi: 10.3390/min10121063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This paper aims to expand our understanding of the processes involved in the production of the artificial pigment Egyptian blue through the scientific examination of pigments found in the first century BCE workshop of the Greek island of Kos. There, 136 Egyptian blue pellets were brought to light, including successfully produced pellets, as well as partially successful and unsuccessful products. This study is based on the examination of eighteen samples obtained from pellets of various textures and tones of blue, including light and dark blue pigments, coarse and fine-grained materials, and one unsuccessful pellet of dark green/grey colour. The samples were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. These complementary microanalytical techniques provide localised information about the chemical and mineralogical composition of this multicomponent material, at a single-grain level. The results shed light on the firing procedure and indicate possible sources for raw materials (beach sand, copper alloys), as well as demonstrating the use of a low-alkali starting mixture. Moreover, two different process for the production of light blue pigments were identified: (a) decreased firing time and (b) grinding of the initially produced pellet and mixing with cobalt-containing material.
Andriulo, Fabrizio; Giorgi, Rodorico; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Kutzke, Hartmut & Braovac, Susan (2018). Nanotechnologies for the restoration of alum-treated archaeological wood. In Williams, Emily & Hocker, Emma (Ed.), Proceedings of the 13th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference: Florence 2016. International Council of Museums Committee for Conservation (ICOM-CC). ISSN 9789290124368. p. 176–183. doi: 10.1007/s00339-016-9833-0. Full text in Research Archive
Andriulo, Fabrizio; Giorgi, Rodorico; Baglioni, Piero; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Braovac, Susan & Kutzke, Hartmut (2017). Hybrid nanocomposites made of diol-modified silanes and nanostructured calcium hydroxide. Applications to Alum-treated wood. Pure and Applied Chemistry. ISSN 0033-4545. doi: 10.1515/pac-2016-1014. Full text in Research Archive
Andriulo, Fabrizio; Braovac, Susan; Kutzke, Hartmut; Giorgi, Rodorico & Baglioni, Piero (2016). Nanotechnologies for the restoration of alum-treated archaeological wood. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. ISSN 0947-8396. Full text in Research Archive

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Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Ferri, Lavinia de; Xu, Zhuo; Steindal, Calin Constantin & Razavi, Nima [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Strength and durability studies on Mt. Etna volcanic precursors-based geopolymers. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
In recent years, volcanic pyroclastic residues from Mt. Etna (ash and paleosoil named “ghiara”) have been widely employed as feedstocks in the alkali activation process [1, 2]. In the optic of building and restoration applications, strength and durability of volcanic ash and ghiara-based geopolymer (binders and mortars) have been investigated in terms of structure degradation, efflorescences development and water moisture transfer after being exposed to natural weathering [2]. Ultrasound Pulse Velocity, specific weight, Brazilian Disk and Digital Image Correlation together with Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) techniques have been used in order to understand the structural properties of geopolymers before and after the atmospheric exposure. In addition, DVS results of pure salts, (i.e. sulphates and carbonates) which can often occur as efflorescence, were compared to the results obtained on geopolymers. Overall, by comparing the results obtained on unexposed and exposed samples, it was found that volcanic ash-based geopolymers have shown a better reaction to weathering in the hot summer Mediterranean climate zone.
Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Ferri, Lavinia de; Andriulo, Fabrizio; bertino, antonella; Fugazzotto, Maura & Barone, Germana [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Investigation of iron oxides pigments from the UNESCO World Heritage site of Røros (Norway) conservation works. Full text in Research Archive
Freeman, Ashley Amanda; Ferri, Lavinia de; Mazurek, Joy & Andriulo, Fabrizio (2022). Multi-Analytical Characterization study of Decorative Wall Paintings in the Eidsborg and Heddal Stave Churches (Norway). Full text in Research Archive
Andriulo, Fabrizio; Vespignani, Laura; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Bortolini, Mara & Ferri, Lavinia de (2022). Evaluation of sol-gel hybrid nanocomposites for dry medieval wood. Full text in Research Archive
Occhipinti, Roberta; Caggiani, Maria Cristina; Andriulo, Fabrizio; Ferri, Lavinia de; Barone, Germana & Mazzoleni, Paolo (2021). Effect of atmospheric exposure on alkali activated binders and mortars from Mt. Etna volcanic precursors. Full text in Research Archive
Braovac, Susan & Andriulo, Fabrizio (2020). Applying alkaline nanoparticles to deacidify alum-treated wood. Full text in Research Archive
Steindal, Calin Constantin; Simonsen, Margrete Figenschou & Andriulo, Fabrizio (2019). Saint Olaf pilgrim badges. Microchemical analysis - insight into alloy compostition and manufacturing. Full text in Research Archive
Andriulo, Fabrizio; Giorgi, Rodorico; Steindal, Calin Constantin; Kutzke, Hartmut; Braovac, Susan & Baglioni, Piero (2016). Nanotechnologies for the restoration of alum-treated archaeological wood. Full text in Research Archive

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Published Sep. 27, 2017 4:08 PM - Last modified Feb. 3, 2021 1:53 PM