Jan Bill

Image of Jan Bill
Norwegian version of this page
Phone +47 22859556
Mobile phone +47 99887225
Username
Visiting address St. Olavs gate 29 0166 Oslo
Postal address Postboks 6762 St. Olavs plass 0130 Oslo

Jan Bill (PhD, born 1961) is Professor of Viking Age Archaeology and since 2007 curator of the Viking Ship Collection at the Museum of Cultural History.

Background

I worked 2003–2007 at the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde as Head of Research, Exhibition and Antiquarian Work and senior researcher.

Before that I was 10 years at the Centre for Maritime Archaeology at the National Museum of Denmark as a PhD student, researcher, senior researcher, research group director (1997–2003) and deputy director (1999–2000).

In 2001–2007 I also teached part-time in maritime archaeology at the University of Aarhus. I have experience with teaching and supervising students on bachelor, master and PhD-level and am currently supervising two PhD-projects.

Research interests

My area of research encompasses a varied range of themes within Viking Age and medieval archaeology, notably seafaring, burial archaeology and the application of scientific methods.

The interpretation of the Norwegian ship burials – among those Oseberg and Gokstad – is one important focal point which has directed my interests towards the representation and maintenance of power through burials. Another is the history of seafaring and its interaction with the development of more complex societies.

I have published my research in around 15 papers in scientific journals, 4 books and booklets, 20 chapters in books and 10 papers in conference proceedings.

Projects

I have directed a number of archaeological excavations and am leading the Gokstad revitalised research project

I am collaborator in a number of other research projects, including "Tracking Viking-assisted dispersal of biodiversity using ancient DNA" and "Population Genomics of the Vikings".

In 2009–2010 I attended The Educational Programme for Research Leaders, University of Oslo.

Institutional responsibilities, Commissions of trust, Rewards

I am involved in the establishing of the new Museum of the Viking Age at the Museum of Cultural History in various roles concerning the academic content and the safety and exhibition of the ships.

I am member of the Steering Group for the Saving Oseberg Project, Head of the Steering Group for the Gjellestad excavation project and project leader for the ADED project.

I am a member of the Wissenschaftlicher Beirat des Niedersächsischen Institut für historische Küstenforschung.

Untill 2019 I was board member and, since 2016, Head of Board of Collegium Medievale.

I am being used as referee in PhD exams, articles, grant and tenure applications and book reviews. I have presented papers at many conferences, including the Viking Congress in 2001, 2005, 2013 and 2017.

In 2017 I was awarded the Aage Rothenborgs Endowment for my work with early medieval, Scandinavian maritime culture.

Tags: Archeology, Viking Age

Publications

  • Linderholm, Johan; Macphail, Richard; Bill, Jan; Bukkemoen, Grethe Bjørkan; Ericson, Samuel & Östman, Sofi [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). The Sørenga D1A borehole site, Oslo Harbour, Norway: a multianalytical geoarchaeological and paleoenvironmental approach. In Barnett, Catherine & Walker, Thomas (Ed.), Environment, Archaeology and Landscape. Archaeopress. ISSN 978-1-80327-084-5. p. 65–76.
  • Cannell, Rebecca J S; Bill, Jan & Macphail, Richard (2020). Constructing and Deconstructing the Gokstad Mound. Antiquity. ISSN 0003-598X. 94(377), p. 1278–1295. doi: 10.15184/aqy.2020.162. Full text in Research Archive
  • Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon & Moltke, Ida [Show all 90 contributors for this article] (2020). Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 585(7825), p. 390–396. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. Full text in Research Archive
  • Mühlemann, Barbara; Vinner, Lasse; Margaryan, Ashot; Wilhelmson, Helene; Castro, Constanza De La Fuente & Allentoft, Morten E. [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2020). Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 369:eaaw8977(6502), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1126/science.aaw8977. Full text in Research Archive
  • Cannell, Rebecca J S; Bill, Jan; Welham, Kate & Cheetham, Paul (2020). Geochemical analysis of the truncated Viking Age trading settlement of Heimdalsjordet, Norway. Geoarchaeology. ISSN 0883-6353. 35(5), p. 748–771. doi: 10.1002/gea.21795. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bill, Jan (2020). The Ship Graves at Kormt - and Beyond. In Skre, Dagfinn (Eds.), Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia. Royal graves and sites at Avaldsnes and beyond. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042579-6. p. 305–392. doi: 10.1515/9783110421101. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bill, Jan (2018). Bayeuxtapetets skibe - symboler, idealer, og detaljer. In Bengtsson, Herman; Ney, Agneta & Nyström, Staffan (Ed.), Bayeuxtapeten. En broderad krönika från 1000-talet. Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia. ISSN 978-91-88568-72-4. p. 73–94.
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Skipsgrav eller skipsgraver på Rolvsøy. Om Tuneskipets utgravningshistorie. Viking. ISSN 0332-608X. 80, p. 89–106. doi: 10.5617/viking.5468. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bill, Jan & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2017). Heimdalsjordet – trade, production and communication. In Glørstad, Ann Zanette Tsigaridas & Loftsgarden, Kjetil (Ed.), Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-47-247077-5. doi: 10.4324/9781315548197-11. Full text in Research Archive
  • Schneidhofer, Petra; Nau, Erich; McGraw, Jessica Leigh; Tonning, Christer; Draganits, Erich & Gustavsen, Lars [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Geoarchaeological evaluation of ground penetrating radar and magnetometry surveys at the Iron Age burial mound Rom in Norway. Archaeological Prospection. ISSN 1075-2196. 24(4), p. 425–443. doi: 10.1002/arp.1579. Full text in Research Archive
  • Macphail, Richard; Bill, Jan; Crowther, John; Haitha, Constantin; Linderholm, Johan & Popovici, Dragomir [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). European ancient settlements - A guide to their composition and morphology based on soil micromorphology and associated geoarchaeological techniques; introducing the contrasting sites of Chalcolithic Bordusani-Popina, Borcea River, Romania and Viking Age Heimdaljordet, Vestfold, Norway. Quaternary International. ISSN 1040-6182. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.049. Full text in Research Archive
  • Schneidhofer, Petra; Nau, Erich; Hinterleitner, Alois; Lugmayr, Agata; Bill, Jan & Gansum, Terje [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Palaeoenvironmental analysis of large-scale, high-resolution GPR and magnetometry data sets: The Viking Age site of Gokstad in Norway. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. ISSN 1866-9557. 9(6), p. 1187–1213. doi: 10.1007/s12520-015-0312-x.
  • Bill, Jan (2016). Ambiguous Mobility in the Viking Age Ship Burial from Oseberg. In Bjerregaard, Peter; Rasmussen, Anders Emil & Sørensen, Tim Flohr (Ed.), Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-4724-5791-2. p. 207–220.
  • Bill, Jan (2016). Protecting against the dead? On the possible use of apotropaic magic in the Oseberg burial. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. ISSN 0959-7743. 26(1), p. 141–155. doi: 10.1017/S0959774315000438.
  • Bill, Jan (2015). Vikingetidens monumentale skibsgrave. In Pedersen, Anne & Sindbæk, Søren Michael (Ed.), Et fælles hav - Skagerrak og Kattegat i vikingetiden. Seminar på Nationalmuseet, København, 19.-20. september 2012. Nationalmuseet. ISSN 978-87-7602-324-9. p. 152–167.
  • Krzewinska, Maja; Bjørnstad, Gro; Skoglund, Pontus; Olason, Pall Isolfur; Bill, Jan & Götherström, Anders [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Mitochondrial DNA variation in the Viking age population of Norway. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8436. 370(1660). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0384.
  • Bill, Jan (2014). Nails, Woodstown. A Viking-Age settlement in Co. Waterford. Four Courts Press. ISSN 978-1-84682-536-1. p. 141–155.
  • Bill, Jan; Nau, Erich; Neubauer, Wolfgang; Trinks, Immo; Tonning, Christer & Gustavsen, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Contextualising a Monumental Burial - The Gokstad Revitalised Project. In Neubauer, Wolfgang; Trinks, Immo; Salisbury, Roderick B. & Einwögerer, Christina (Ed.), Archaeological Prospection. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference - Vienna. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISSN 978-3-7001-7459-2. p. 134–136. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvjsf630.51.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Revisiting Gokstad. Interdisciplinary investigations of a find complex investigated in the 19th century. In Brather, Sebastian & Krausse, Dirk (Ed.), Fundmassen. Innovative Strategien zur Auswertung frühmittelalterlicherQuellenbestände. Konrad Theiss Verlag. ISSN 978-3-8062-2872-4. p. 75–86.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Langskibet Roskilde 6. In Williams, Gareth; Pentz, Peter & Wemhoff, Matthias (Ed.), Viking. British Museum Press. ISSN 978-87-7602-199-3. p. 228–233.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Osebergskipet og ritual begravelse. In Williams, Gareth; Pentz, Peter & Wemhoff, Matthias (Ed.), Viking. British Museum Press. ISSN 978-87-7602-199-3. p. 200–201.
  • Macphail, Richard; Linderholm, Johan; Bill, Jan; Cannell, Rebecca & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2013). Integrated microstratigraphic investigations of coastal archaeological soils and sediments in Norway: The Gokstad ship burial mound and its environs including the Viking harbour settlement of Heimdaljordet, Vestfold. Quaternary International. ISSN 1040-6182. 315, p. 131–146. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.05.051.
  • Bill, Jan & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2013). En ny markeds- og produksjonsplass ved Gokstad i Vestfold. Nicolay: Arkeologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0332-8937. 120, p. 5–12.
  • Bill, Jan & Daly, Aoife (2012). The plundering of the ship graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: an example of power politics? Antiquity. ISSN 0003-598X. 86(333), p. 808–824. doi: 10.1017/s0003598x00047931.

View all works in Cristin

  • Bischoff, Vibeke & Bill, Jan (2023). The Oseberg Ship. Reconstruction of form and function. The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde. ISBN 9788785180773. XXXIV(1). 296 p.
  • Nordahl, Else & Bill, Jan (2018). Valsgärde 14. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2707-7. 137 p.
  • Bill, Jan & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2017). Heimdalsjordet – trade, production and communication. In: A.Z.T. Glørstad and K. Loftsgarden (Eds.) Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia. Routledge. ISBN 9781472470775. 19 p.
  • Næss, Ellen Marie; Bartley, Adam; Jensen Helgeland, Kirsten; Bill, Jan & Kreutz, Johnny (2015). Gokstad in a new light. Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN 978-82-8084-200-8. 21 p.

View all works in Cristin

  • Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan; Stine, Pierre & Favitski, Alexis de (2023). Vikingskipet på Gjellestad Originaltittel: Vikings. The Lost Kingdom. [TV]. NRK.
  • Bill, Jan; de Favatski, Alexis & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2023). Vikings: The Lost Kingdom. [TV]. ZED & Mechanix Film for CuriosityStream & France Télévisions.
  • Bill, Jan; Clément, Sigrid & Monteil, Frédéric (2023). Vikings, les premiers rois. Episode 2: Horic et Harald : le choc des dynasties. [TV]. Planète +.
  • Bill, Jan & Sharp, Daniel (2022). Vikings: The Rise and Fall, Episode 1: The Road to Lindisfarne. [TV]. National Geographic.
  • Bill, Jan & Sharp, Daniel (2022). Vikings: The Rise and Fall. Episode 3: As Far East as Baghdad. [TV]. National Geographic.
  • Bill, Jan (2022). Skipsgraver og skjoldunger.
  • Bill, Jan & Gullbekk, Svein Harald (2022). Kontakt mellom Skandinavia og Kiev-riket i vikingtida.
  • Bill, Jan & Stranden, Anne Lise (2022). Dette er vraket av USAs siste slaveskip. [Internet]. https://forskning.no/dette-er-vraket-av-usas-siste-slaveskip.
  • Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon & Moltke, Ida [Show all 90 contributors for this article] (2021). Author Correction: Population genomics of the Viking world (Nature, (2020), 585, 7825, (390-396), 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8). Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 591(7851). doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03328-2.
  • Jørskov, Marie Louise; Sindbæk, Søren M.; Bill, Jan; Skar, Birgitte; Strand, Lisa Mariann & Vretemark, Maria [Show all 32 contributors for this article] (2020). Archaeological background population genomics of the Viking world Supplementary Note 1 . Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 585, p. 1–73. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8.
  • Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan & Gundersen, Sigrid Mannsåker (2020). Pressekonferanse på Klima- og miljødepartementet: Skipsgraven fra Gjellestad. Ny viten om datering og bevaringstilstand. [Internet]. https://www.nrk.no/osloogviken.
  • Bill, Jan (2018). Die Wikinger und ihre Schiffe (Review). Medieval Archaeology. ISSN 0076-6097. 62(1), p. 198–199.
  • Nistelberger, Heidi Maria; Star, Bastiaan; Palsdottir, Albina Hulda; Gondek, Agata; Leifsson, Rúnar & Hallsson, Jón Hallsteinn [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Viking Horses of the North Atlantic.
  • Bill, Jan; Curry, Andrew & Paasche, Knut (2018). Enormous, rare Viking ship burial discovered by radar. [Internet]. National Geographic.
  • Bill, Jan (2018). Why do we have the Viking Age ship graves - About kings and queens, myth and ritual, and the most elaborate funerals of pre-Christian Northern Europe.
  • Bill, Jan; Glørstad, Ann Zanette Tsigaridas; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Iversen, Frode; Vedeler, Marianne & Aannestad, Hanne Lovise (2017). Ikke la nynazistene stjele vikingtiden. Morgenbladet. ISSN 0805-3847.
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Monumental Myths. The ship grave ritual as a mean in political centralization processes in Viking Age Scandinavia .
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Sails on the horizon – global and local perspectives on the introduction of sail in Scandinavia .
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Domesticated animals in Viking Society – the research potentials. DAVA Review paper.
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Were the Vikings the first users of sail in the Baltic? Global and local perspectives on the introduction of sail into Scandinavia .
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Bruk av røntgen på Kulturhistorisk museum.
  • Bill, Jan (2017). Reviews: Morten Ravn, Lone Gebauer Thomsen, Eva Andersson Strand & Henriette Lyngstrøm (red): Vikingetidens sejl. Festskrift tilegnet Erik Andersen. København 2016 Morten Ravn: Viking-Age War Fleets. Shipbuilding, Resource management and maritime warfare in 11th-century Denmark. Roskilde 2016. Kuml : Årbog for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab. ISSN 0454-6245. 2017, p. 226–231.
  • Bill, Jan; Holtung, Hege Therese & Gansum, Terje (2017). Forsynte vikingeliten med luksus. [Internet]. NRK.
  • Bill, Jan & Arntsen, Øyvind (2017). Tuneskipet 150 år. [Radio]. NRK.
  • Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Bill, Jan (2016). Heimdalsjordet - Trade, Production & Communication.
  • Cannell, Rebecca; Cheetham, Paul; Bill, Jan & Welham, Kate (2015). The Gokstad Viking Age Trading Site: A voyage of physicochemical prospection.
  • Cannell, Rebecca; Cheetham, Paul; Welham, Kate & Bill, Jan (2015). The Gokstad Viking Age Trading Site: A voyage of physicochemical prospection. Archaeologia Polona. ISSN 0066-5924. 53, p. 438–440.
  • Schneidhofer, Petra; McGraw, Jessica Leigh; Tonning, Christer; Gustavsen, Lars; Gansum, Terje & Bill, Jan (2015). Stratigraphic excavation and 3D reconstruction at Rom burial mound, Vestfold County, Norway.
  • Bill, Jan (2015). Vikings in the future.
  • Bill, Jan (2015). Heimdalsjordet - Gokstad-mannens handelsplass?
  • Bill, Jan (2015). Barcode 17.
  • Bill, Jan (2015). Heimdalsjordet - en ny handelsplass ved Gokstad og et nytt lys på den internasjonale handel i vikingtid.
  • Bill, Jan (2015). Review: Andreas Rau (Hrsg.): Nydam Mose, Band 3: Die Schiffe. Katalog, Konkordanz, Tafeln, Pläne. Nydam Mose, Band 4: Die Schiffe. Beiträge zu Form, Technik und Historie. Mit Beiträge von Flemming Rieck, Ole Magnus, Andreas Rau, Annette Seeberg, Morten Gøthche, Rainer Grabert, Ronja Müske, und Angelika Abegg- Wigg. Kuml : Årbog for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab. ISSN 0454-6245. p. 318–321.
  • Schneidhofer, Petra; Nau, Erich; Gustavsen, Lars; McGraw, Jessica Leigh; Tonning, Christer & Gansum, Terje [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Interdisciplinary investigation of the burial mound at Rom in Vestfold County, Norway.
  • Kool, Anneleen; Boessenkool, Sanne; Bill, Jan; Kjesrud, Karoline; Helleve, Torstein & Gupta, Ram Eivind (2015). Vikingenes naturarv - kunnskapskafe med vikingforskere, vikingmat og vikingøl i baren.
  • Bill, Jan; Russel, Paul Edward John & Vogt, Andrea (2014). Vikings. [TV]. Millstream Films & Media.
  • Bill, Jan (2014). Viking ship graves in Norway.
  • Bill, Jan (2014). Til vanns i Skandinavia.
  • Bill, Jan (2014). Beyond Byzanz: An East-Norwegian Perspective on the Eastward Trade in the Viking Age.
  • Bill, Jan & Tonkin, Boyd (2014). The Vikings: Why do the seafaring warriors still intrigue us? [Newspaper]. The Independent.
  • Bill, Jan & Jacobsen, Hans-Petter (2014). Jacobsen. [Radio]. NRK P1+.
  • Bill, Jan & Madshus, Karin (2014). Time etter time for fortiden. [Newspaper]. Tønsbergs blad.
  • Bill, Jan & Ihlebæk, Jan Henrik (2014). Museum på NRK P2. [Radio]. NRK P2.
  • Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan & Pedersen, Unn (2013). Siste nytt fra Gokstad.
  • Bill, Jan & Gjestad, Robert (2013). Seiler greit med småfeil. [Newspaper]. Aftenposten, Bergens Tidene.
  • Bill, Jan & Brocchi, Sebastiano B. (2013). Thor - le origini del mito. [Newspaper]. Four ticino.
  • Braovac, Susan; Bill, Jan & Løchen, Ragnar (2013). Åndenes Makt. [TV]. TVNorge.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). The Norwegian Viking Age ship graves - finds of splendour and mystery.
  • Bill, Jan & Næss, Ellen Marie (2013). Mysteriet rundt Osebergskipet. [TV]. NRK TV Distriktsnyheter Østlandssendingen.
  • Bill, Jan; Solbu, Erland Lånke & Hansen, Magne (2013). Her ligger Kong Richard III. [Internet]. NRK/Viten.
  • Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Gansum, Terje; Bill, Jan; Iversen, Frode; Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Eriksen, Marianne Hem [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2013). Arkeologene: Vikingen - superhelt og bonde 5:8. [TV]. NRK1.
  • Bill, Jan; Bø, Terje; Røvik, Geir; Iversen, Frode; Aase, Sigurd & Eriksen, Marianne Hem [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2013). Arkeologene: Skatter i havet 2:8. [TV]. NRK1.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Jan Bill om Gokstadbyen. [Radio]. NRK P1 Vestfoldsendinga.
  • Bill, Jan & Frøjsa, Kaja (2013). Prosjekt Saving Oseberg. [Radio]. NRK Ekko hovedsending.
  • Bill, Jan; Fahre, Lena & Doksrød, Anne (2013). Unike vikingskatter skal vises frem. [Internet]. NRK Østafjells.
  • Bill, Jan & Karstensen, Astrid Johanne (2013). Mysteriet Oseberg. [Newspaper]. Dagbladet Magasin.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Sailing Into the Viking Age: From the Ship Burial at Gokstad to the Creation of the Norwegian Kingdom with stops at Norway’s UNESCO Sites.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Gokstad revitalisert. Presentasjon for ildsjelene fra Norsk Metallsøkerforening Vestfold.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Gokstad revitalisert. Statusrapportering for fylkesutvalget, Vestfold, 18.4.2013.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). The Gokstad complex – means and meanings of an aristocratic site.
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Gokstad revitalisert - presentasjon i forbinnelse med åpning av utstillingen "Gokstad i et nytt lys".
  • Bill, Jan (2013). Nytt fra Gokstad-prosjektet: Utgravningene på Heimdalsjordet.
  • Bill, Jan; Rundberget, Bernt & Larsen, Jan Henning (2013). Determining the origins of iron in prehistoric and medieval Norway – a chemical approach.
  • Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan & Tveitan, Fleming (2013). Har funnet sjøkanten på Heimdal-feltet. [Newspaper]. Sandefjord Blad.
  • Bill, Jan; Nau, Erich; Neubauer, Wolfgang; Trinks, Immo; Tonning, Christer & Gustavsen, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Contextualising a Monumental Burial - The Gokstad Revitalised Project.
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Gokstad revitalised - die Erforschung eines monumentalen Schiffgrabs der Wikingerzeit in Norwegen.
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Skibsgravene i Vestfold – monumenter som magtpolitik.
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Det å grave ut et vikingskip.
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Die Wikingerzeit und neueste Erkenntnisse zu aktuellen Ausgrabungen am Gokstad-Schiffsgrabhügel.
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Presentasjon av Gokstadprosjektet for Hovedutvalget for kultur og Helse, Vestfold fylkesting.
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Gokstad, a princely burial - and a landing site?
  • Bill, Jan (2012). Siste nytt fra Gokstadprosjektet.

View all works in Cristin

Published Nov. 7, 2012 3:33 PM - Last modified Nov. 25, 2022 1:53 PM