Jan Bill

• Bill, Jan (2020). The Ship Graves at Kormt - and Beyond, In Dagfinn Skre (ed.),  Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia. Royal graves and sites at Avaldsnes and beyond.  Walter de Gruyter.  ISBN 978-3-11-042579-6.  5.  s 305 - 392
• Mühlemann, Barbara; Vinner, Lasse; Margaryan, Ashot; Wilhelmson, Helene; de la Fuente Castro, Constanza; Allentoft, Morten E.; Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Hansen, Anders Johannes; Nielsen, Sofie Holtsmark; Strand, Lisa Mariann; Bill, Jan; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Pushkina, Tamara; Falys, Ceri; Khartanovich, Valeri; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup; Sørensen, Palle Østergaard; Magnusson, Yvonne; Gustin, Ingrid; Schroeder, Hannes; Sutter, Gerd; Smith, Geoffrey L.; Drosten, Christian; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Smith, Derek J.; Willerslev, Eske; Jones, Terry C. & Sikora, Martin (2020). Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age. Science.  ISSN 0036-8075.  369(6502) . doi: 10.1126/science.aaw8977
• Bill, Jan (2018). Bayeuxtapetets skibe - symboler, idealer, og detaljer, I: Herman Bengtsson; Agneta Ney & Staffan Nyström (red.),  Bayeuxtapeten. En broderad krönika från 1000-talet.  Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia.  ISBN 978-91-88568-72-4.  Kapittel.  s 73 - 94
• Bill, Jan (2017). Skipsgrav eller skipsgraver på Rolvsøy. Om Tuneskipets utgravningshistorie. Viking.  ISSN 0332-608X.  80, s 89- 106 . doi: 10.5617/viking.5468 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Bill, Jan & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2017). Heimdalsjordet – trade, production and communication, In Ann Zanette Tsigaridas Glørstad & Kjetil Loftsgarden (ed.),  Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1-47-247077-5.  Sites of trade.  s 212-231 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Schneidhofer, Petra; Nau, Erich; McGraw, Jessica Leigh; Tonning, Christer; Draganits, Erich; Gustavsen, Lars; Trinks, Immo; Filzwieser, Roland; Aldrian, Lisa; Gansum, Terje; Bill, Jan; Neubauer, Wolfgang & Paasche, Knut (2017). Geoarchaeological evaluation of ground penetrating radar and magnetometry surveys at the Iron Age burial mound Rom in Norway. Archaeological Prospection.  ISSN 1075-2196.  24(4), s 425- 443 . doi: 10.1002/arp.1579 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Following magnetometry and ground penetrating radar surveys, a geoarchaeological field evaluation was carried out at the Iron Age burial mound of Rom in Slagendalen, Vestfold County, Norway, in order to assess the accuracy of the geophysical data interpretation and to investigate specific questions that have arisen during data interpretation. The evaluation was conducted within the framework of an archaeological excavation campaign in 2013, which enabled direct access to the subsurface materials. The archaeological stratification was recorded by laser scanning using a three-dimensional (3D) single-surface approach, permitting a virtual reconstruction of the excavated part of the mound and facilitating the comparison between excavation and prospection data. Selected sediment sequences were targeted with in situ and laboratory-based measurements for correlation purposes, including magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity and water content measurements. Here we present the methodological approach and the results of the geophysical prospection surveys, followed by a geoarchaeological evaluation and a discussion of the impact on the overall archaeological investigation.

• Bill, Jan (2016). Ambiguous Mobility in the Viking Age Ship Burial from Oseberg, In Peter Bjerregaard; Anders Emil Rasmussen & Tim Flohr Sørensen (ed.),  Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1-4724-5791-2.  Ch. 10.  s 207 - 220
• Bill, Jan (2016). Protecting against the dead? On the possible use of apotropaic magic in the Oseberg burial. Cambridge Archaeological Journal.  ISSN 0959-7743.  26(1), s 141- 155 . doi: 10.1017/S0959774315000438
• Macphail, Richard; Bill, Jan; Crowther, John; Haitha, Constantin; Linderholm, Johan; Popovici, Dragomir & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2016). European ancient settlements - A guide to their composition and morphology based on soil micromorphology and associated geoarchaeological techniques; introducing the contrasting sites of Chalcolithic Bordusani-Popina, Borcea River, Romania and Viking Age Heimdaljordet, Vestfold, Norway. Quaternary International.  ISSN 1040-6182. . doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.049 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Schneidhofer, Petra; Nau, Erich; Hinterleitner, Alois; Lugmayr, Agata; Bill, Jan; Gansum, Terje; Paasche, Knut; Seren, Sirri; Neubauer, Wolfgang; Draganits, Erich & Trinks, Immo (2016). Palaeoenvironmental analysis of large-scale, high-resolution GPR and magnetometry data sets: The Viking Age site of Gokstad in Norway. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences.  ISSN 1866-9557.  9(6), s 1187- 1213 . doi: 10.1007/s12520-015-0312-x
• Bill, Jan (2015). Review: Andreas Rau (Hrsg.): Nydam Mose, Band 3: Die Schiffe. Katalog, Konkordanz, Tafeln, Pläne. Nydam Mose, Band 4: Die Schiffe. Beiträge zu Form, Technik und Historie. Mit Beiträge von Flemming Rieck, Ole Magnus, Andreas Rau, Annette Seeberg, Morten Gøthche, Rainer Grabert, Ronja Müske, und Angelika Abegg- Wigg.. Kuml : Årbog for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.  ISSN 0454-6245.  s 318- 321
• Bill, Jan (2015). Vikingetidens monumentale skibsgrave, I: Anne Pedersen & Søren Michael Sindbæk (red.),  Et fælles hav - Skagerrak og Kattegat i vikingetiden. Seminar på Nationalmuseet, København, 19.-20. september 2012.  Nationalmuseet.  ISBN 978-87-7602-324-9.  kapittel 10.  s 152 - 167
• Krzewinska, Maja; Bjørnstad, Gro; Skoglund, Pontus; Olason, Pall Isolfur; Bill, Jan; Götherström, Anders & Hagelberg, Erika (2015). Mitochondrial DNA variation in the Viking age population of Norway. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences.  ISSN 0962-8436.  370(1660) . doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0384
• Bill, Jan (2014). Nails, In  Woodstown. A Viking-Age settlement in Co. Waterford.  Four Courts Press.  ISBN 978-1-84682-536-1.  7.2.  s 141 - 155
• Bill, Jan (2013). Langskibet Roskilde 6, I: Gareth Williams; Peter Pentz & Matthias Wemhoff (red.),  Viking.  British Museum Press.  ISBN 978-87-7602-199-3.  5.1.  s 228 - 233
• Bill, Jan (2013). Osebergskipet og ritual begravelse, I: Gareth Williams; Peter Pentz & Matthias Wemhoff (red.),  Viking.  British Museum Press.  ISBN 978-87-7602-199-3.  4.3.  s 200 - 201
• Bill, Jan (2013). Revisiting Gokstad. Interdisciplinary investigations of a find complex investigated in the 19th century, In Sebastian Brather & Dirk Krausse (ed.),  Fundmassen. Innovative Strategien zur Auswertung frühmittelalterlicherQuellenbestände.  Konrad Theiss Verlag.  ISBN 978-3-8062-2872-4.  7.  s 75 - 86
• Bill, Jan; Nau, Erich; Neubauer, Wolfgang; Trinks, Immo; Tonning, Christer; Gustavsen, Lars; Paasche, Knut & Seren, Sirri (2013). Contextualising a Monumental Burial - The Gokstad Revitalised Project, In Wolfgang Neubauer; Immo Trinks; Roderick B. Salisbury & Christina Einwögerer (ed.),  Archaeological Prospection. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference - Vienna.  Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.  ISBN 978-3-7001-7459-2.  KAPITTEL.  s 134 - 136
• Bill, Jan & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2013). En ny markeds- og produksjonsplass ved Gokstad i Vestfold. Nicolay: Arkeologisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 0332-8937.  120, s 5- 12
• Macphail, Richard; Linderholm, Johan; Bill, Jan; Cannell, Rebecca & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2013). Integrated microstratigraphic investigations of coastal archaeological soils and sediments in Norway: The Gokstad ship burial mound and its environs including the Viking harbour settlement of Heimdaljordet, Vestfold. Quaternary International.  ISSN 1040-6182.  315, s 131- 146 . doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.05.051
• Bill, Jan & Daly, Aoife (2012). The plundering of the ship graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: an example of power politics?. Antiquity.  ISSN 0003-598X.  86(333), s 808- 824 . doi: 10.1017/s0003598x00047931
• Bill, Jan; Daly, Aoife; Johnsen, Øistein & Dalen, Knut Sigmund (2012). DendroCT – Dendrochronology without damage. Dendrochronologia.  ISSN 1125-7865.  30(3), s 223- 230 . doi: 10.1016/j.dendro.2011.11.002
• Bill, Jan (2011). Sea Trade. The Development of Ships and Routes, In Martin Carver & Jan Klapste (ed.),  The Archaeology of Medieval Europe Vol. 2 Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries.  Aarhus Universitetsforlag.  ISBN 9788779342897.  Chapter 8, part 1.  s 328 - 337
• Larsen, Jan Henning; Bill, Jan; Rundberget, Bernt & Grandin, Lena (2011). Distinguishing iron production sites by chemical signature of bloomery slag in South-eastern Norway - the iron clench nails in the Gokstad ship - only local production or of various origin?. Metalla.  ISSN 0947-6229.  Sonderheft(4), s 183- 183

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• Nordahl, Else & Bill, Jan (2018). Valsgärde 14. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University.  ISBN 978-91-506-2707-7.  137 s.
• Bill, Jan & Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen (2017). Heimdalsjordet – trade, production and communication. In: A.Z.T. Glørstad and K. Loftsgarden (Eds.) Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia. Routledge.  ISBN 9781472470775.  19 s.

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• Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan & Gundersen, Sigrid Mannsåker (2020, 17. januar). Pressekonferanse på Klima- og miljødepartementet: Skipsgraven fra Gjellestad. Ny viten om datering og bevaringstilstand. [Internett].  https://www.nrk.no/osloogviken.
• Bill, Jan (2018). Why do we have the Viking Age ship graves - About kings and queens, myth and ritual, and the most elaborate funerals of pre-Christian Northern Europe.
• Bill, Jan; Curry, Andrew & Paasche, Knut (2018, 15. oktober). Enormous, rare Viking ship burial discovered by radar. [Internett].  National Geographic.
• Nistelberger, Heidi Maria; Star, Bastiaan; Palsdottir, Albina Hulda; Gondek, Agata; Leifsson, Rúnar; Hallsson, Jón Hallsteinn; Bill, Jan; Svensson, Emma; Hufthammer, Anne Karin; Barrett, James; Orlando, Ludovic & Boessenkool, Sanne (2018). Viking Horses of the North Atlantic.
• Bill, Jan (2017). Bruk av røntgen på Kulturhistorisk museum.
• Bill, Jan (2017). Domesticated animals in Viking Society – the research potentials. DAVA Review paper.
• Bill, Jan (2017). Monumental Myths. The ship grave ritual as a mean in political centralization processes in Viking Age Scandinavia.
• Bill, Jan (2017). Morten Ravn, Lone Gebauer Thomsen, Eva Andersson Strand & Henriette Lyngstrøm (red): Vikingetidens sejl. Festskrift tilegnet Erik Andersen. København 2016 Morten Ravn: Viking-Age War Fleets. Shipbuilding, Resource management and maritime warfare in 11th-century Denmark. Roskilde 2016.. Kuml : Årbog for Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab.  ISSN 0454-6245.  2017, s 226- 231
• Bill, Jan (2017). Sails on the horizon – global and local perspectives on the introduction of sail in Scandinavia.
• Bill, Jan (2017). Were the Vikings the first users of sail in the Baltic? Global and local perspectives on the introduction of sail into Scandinavia.
• Bill, Jan & Arntsen, Øyvind (2017, 01. april). Tuneskipet 150 år. [Radio].  NRK.
• Bill, Jan; Glørstad, Ann Zanette Tsigaridas; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Iversen, Frode; Vedeler, Marianne & Aannestad, Hanne Lovise (2017). Ikke la nynazistene stjele vikingtiden. Morgenbladet.  ISSN 0805-3847.
• Bill, Jan; Holtung, Hege Therese & Gansum, Terje (2017, 26. mars). Forsynte vikingeliten med luksus. [Internett].  NRK.
• Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen & Bill, Jan (2016). Heimdalsjordet - Trade, Production & Communication.
• Bill, Jan (2015). Barcode 17.
• Bill, Jan (2015). Heimdalsjordet - Gokstad-mannens handelsplass?.
• Bill, Jan (2015). Heimdalsjordet - en ny handelsplass ved Gokstad og et nytt lys på den internasjonale handel i vikingtid.
• Bill, Jan (2015). Vikings in the future.
• Cannell, Rebecca; Cheetham, Paul; Bill, Jan & Welham, Kate (2015). The Gokstad Viking Age Trading Site: A voyage of physicochemical prospection.
• Cannell, Rebecca; Cheetham, Paul; Welham, Kate & Bill, Jan (2015). The Gokstad Viking Age Trading Site: A voyage of physicochemical prospection.. Archaeologia Polona.  ISSN 0066-5924.  53, s 438- 440
• Kool, Anneleen; Boessenkool, Sanne; Bill, Jan; Kjesrud, Karoline; Helleve, Torstein & Gupta, Ram Eivind (2015). Vikingenes naturarv - kunnskapskafe med vikingforskere, vikingmat og vikingøl i baren.
• Schneidhofer, Petra; McGraw, Jessica Leigh; Tonning, Christer; Gustavsen, Lars; Gansum, Terje & Bill, Jan (2015). Stratigraphic excavation and 3D reconstruction at Rom burial mound, Vestfold County, Norway..
• Schneidhofer, Petra; Nau, Erich; Gustavsen, Lars; McGraw, Jessica Leigh; Tonning, Christer; Gansum, Terje; Bill, Jan & Neubauer, Wolfgang (2015). Interdisciplinary investigation of the burial mound at Rom in Vestfold County, Norway.
• Bill, Jan (2014). Beyond Byzanz: An East-Norwegian Perspective on the Eastward Trade in the Viking Age.
• Bill, Jan (2014). Til vanns i Skandinavia.
• Bill, Jan (2014). Viking ship graves in Norway.
• Bill, Jan & Ihlebæk, Jan Henrik (2014, 15. februar). Museum på NRK P2. [Radio].  NRK P2.
• Bill, Jan & Jacobsen, Hans-Petter (2014, 11. mars). Jacobsen. [Radio].  NRK P1+.
• Bill, Jan & Madshus, Karin (2014, 17. februar). Time etter time for fortiden.  Tønsbergs blad.
• Bill, Jan & Tonkin, Boyd (2014, 04. mars). The Vikings: Why do the seafaring warriors still intrigue us?.  The Independent.
• Bill, Jan (2013). Gokstad revitalisert - presentasjon i forbinnelse med åpning av utstillingen "Gokstad i et nytt lys".
• Bill, Jan (2013). Gokstad revitalisert. Presentasjon for ildsjelene fra Norsk Metallsøkerforening Vestfold.
• Bill, Jan (2013). Gokstad revitalisert. Statusrapportering for fylkesutvalget, Vestfold, 18.4.2013.
• Bill, Jan (2013, 11. april). Jan Bill om Gokstadbyen. [Radio].  NRK P1 Vestfoldsendinga.
• Bill, Jan (2013). Nytt fra Gokstad-prosjektet: Utgravningene på Heimdalsjordet.
• Bill, Jan (2013). Sailing Into the Viking Age: From the Ship Burial at Gokstad to the Creation of the Norwegian Kingdom with stops at Norway’s UNESCO Sites.
• Bill, Jan (2013). The Gokstad complex – means and meanings of an aristocratic site.
• Bill, Jan (2013). The Norwegian Viking Age ship graves - finds of splendour and mystery.
• Bill, Jan & Brocchi, Sebastiano B. (2013, 25. november). Thor - le origini del mito.  Four ticino.
• Bill, Jan; Bø, Terje; Røvik, Geir; Iversen, Frode; Aase, Sigurd; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Tallaksen, Tommy; Kvalø, Frode; Altrock, Håkan; Ødelund, Arne Petter; Nevestad, Dag; Vaaagland, Lars; Edman, Caroline; Bjercke, Kari & Hjeltnes, Arne (2013, 07. april). Arkeologene: Skatter i havet 2:8. [TV].  NRK1.
• Bill, Jan; Fahre, Lena & Doksrød, Anne (2013, 11. april). Unike vikingskatter skal vises frem. [Internett].  NRK Østafjells.
• Bill, Jan & Frøjsa, Kaja (2013, 29. april). Prosjekt Saving Oseberg. [Radio].  NRK Ekko hovedsending.
• Bill, Jan & Gjestad, Robert (2013, 10. desember). Seiler greit med småfeil.  Aftenposten, Bergens Tidene.
• Bill, Jan & Karstensen, Astrid Johanne (2013, 28. september). Mysteriet Oseberg.  Dagbladet Magasin.
• Bill, Jan; Nau, Erich; Neubauer, Wolfgang; Trinks, Immo; Tonning, Christer; Gustavsen, Lars; Paasche, Knut & Seren, Sirri (2013). Contextualising a Monumental Burial - The Gokstad Revitalised Project.
• Bill, Jan & Næss, Ellen Marie (2013, 16. oktober). Mysteriet rundt Osebergskipet. [TV].  NRK TV Distriktsnyheter Østlandssendingen.
• Bill, Jan; Rundberget, Bernt & Larsen, Jan Henning (2013). Determining the origins of iron in prehistoric and medieval Norway – a chemical approach.
• Bill, Jan; Solbu, Erland Lånke & Hansen, Magne (2013, 04. februar). Her ligger Kong Richard III. [Internett].  NRK/Viten.
• Braovac, Susan; Bill, Jan & Løchen, Ragnar (2013, 06. oktober). Åndenes Makt. [TV].  TVNorge.
• Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Gansum, Terje; Bill, Jan; Iversen, Frode; Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Wangen, Vivian; Guillou, Jan; Berge, Jan; Eikeland, Rune; Smith, Christian Dokk; Fernstål, Lotta; Aarseth, Bjarte Einar & Hjeltnes, Arne (2013, 28. april). Arkeologene: Vikingen - superhelt og bonde 5:8. [TV].  NRK1.
• Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan & Pedersen, Unn (2013). Siste nytt fra Gokstad.
• Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen; Bill, Jan & Tveitan, Fleming (2013, 07. juni). Har funnet sjøkanten på Heimdal-feltet.  Sandefjord Blad.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Den siste forskningen i vikingtid.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Det å grave ut et vikingskip.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Die Wikingerzeit und neueste Erkenntnisse zu aktuellen Ausgrabungen am Gokstad-Schiffsgrabhügel.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Gokstad revitalised - die Erforschung eines monumentalen Schiffgrabs der Wikingerzeit in Norwegen.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Gokstad revitalisert - fredagsseminar på IAKH.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Gokstad, a princely burial - and a landing site?.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Presentasjon av Gokstadprosjektet for Hovedutvalget for kultur og Helse, Vestfold fylkesting.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Siste nytt fra Gokstadprosjektet.
• Bill, Jan (2012). Skibsgravene i Vestfold – monumenter som magtpolitik.
• Bill, Jan & Paasche, Knut (2012). Gokstad revitalised - Project Status.
• Bill, Jan & Tørrestad, Yngve (2012, 17. september). En gresskledd haug er lite å se på. [Internett].  NRK Østafjells.
• Bill, Jan (2011). About Friends and Foes - what non-destructive dendrochronology can tell about the Gokstad ship burial.
• Bill, Jan (2011). De store skipsgravene - unike kilder til sjøfarts- og samfunnshistorie.
• Bill, Jan (2011). Gokstad revitalisert: Nye undersøkelser på Gokstadhaugen.
• Bill, Jan (2011). Norsk vikingtid og trehandverk i Osebergskipet.
• Bill, Jan (2011). Omvisning i Vikingskipsamlingen for inviterte foredragsholdere.
• Bill, Jan (2011). Review Sven Kalmring (2010): Der Hafen von Haithabu. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.  ISSN 1057-2414.  40(2), s 445- 447
• Bill, Jan (2011). Revisiting Gokstad - interdisciplinary investigations of a find complex excavated in the 19th century.
• Bill, Jan (2011). The Changing identities of the long-dead – a research-historical review of the Oseberg and Gokstad individuals.
• Bill, Jan & Christensen, Arne Emil (2011). Omvisning (v. A.E.Christensen) og paneldiskusjon om flytting av Vikingskipsamlingen med Presseveteranene.
• Bill, Jan; Larsen, Jan Henning; Rundberget, Bernt & Grandin, Lena (2011). Distinguishing iron production sites by chemical signature of bloomery slag in South-eastern Norway - the iron clench nails in the Gokstad ship - only local production or of various origin?.
• Braovac, Susan; Jensen, Maria; Aarseth, Bjarte Einar; Bill, Jan; Hjulstad, Guro; Løchen, Ragnar; Storbekk, Elin Christine; Dionisi Vici, Paolo & Allegretti, Ottaviano (2011). Long term responses in archaeological wood to ambient temperature and relative humidity – case study: the Oseberg Ship. Vis sammendrag

  INTRODUCTION The Oseberg ship, dated from ca 815-820 AD, is one of the most important discoveries of the Viking age period in Norway. The fact that the ship consists of 90 % original material makes it a unique find with no comparison elsewhere in the world. The ship is 21.5 meters long, built with radially cut, 3 cm thick oak planks and is 5 meters at its widest. In 1904 the waterlogged wood was conserved with linseed oil and creosote and the surface exterior was then lacquered. Over 2000 pieces were used for the reconstruction of the ship with the use of both original and modern screws together with adhesive. The Oseberg ship, displayed at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, has been subjected to an uncontrolled climate since 1926, with only heating in winter. The display area is therefore influenced by seasonal changes in relative humidity (RH), which rises above values of 70% RH in summer, and drops below 30% RH in winter. Rapid changes over the course of a few hours have also been recorded. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Continuous monitoring of dimensional change due to RH fluctuations has been carried out on two planks of the ship and on two samples free to warp. To our knowledge, it is the first example of long term hygro-mechanical monitoring on an archaeological wooden artifact. Through this approach it is possible to show the specific sensitivity to RH fluctuations; restrained planks show the least response, while unrestrained samples have highest response to RH changes. The analysis of the data obtained after fifteen months of continuous logging allows us to quantify the specific “sensitivity” of the wood, which can be useful in determining the threshold of allowable RH fluctuations. The results of stress on the free samples in the exhibition site will be discussed. It is also planned to measure the forces absorbed by the restrained samples so that long-term mechanical effects of absorbed stress can be understood better. These data are fundamental as a validation of future Finite Element simulations and hygromechanical modelling of deteriorated wood.

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