Dagfinn Skre

• Skre, Dagfinn (2022). Scandinavian kingship AD 500-1000. Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung. ISSN 2193-4185. 11, s. 113–127.
• Sand-Eriksen, Anette; Skre, Dagfinn & Stamnes, Arne Anderson (2020). Hvordan har metallgjenstander funnet veien til pløyelaget?Resultater fra et metodisk prøveprosjekt på Storhov i Elverum. Primitive tider. ISSN 1501-0430. 22, s. 75–94. doi: 10.5617/pt.8395. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skre, Dagfinn (2020). Some reflections on Gotland. Slavery, slave-traders, and slave-takers. I Shepard, Jonathan; Gruszczynski, Jacek & Jankowiak, Marek (Red.), Viking-Age Trade. Silver, Slaves and Gotland. Routledge. ISSN 9781138293946. s. 437–449. doi: https%3A/doi.org/10.4324/9781315231808. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  That there was an influx of silver dirhams from the Muslim world into eastern and northern Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries is well known, as is the fact that the largest concentration of hoards is on the Baltic island of Gotland. Recent discoveries have shown that dirhams were reaching the British Isles, too. What brought the dirhams to northern Europe in such large numbers? The fur trade has been proposed as one driver for transactions, but the slave trade offers another – complementary – explanation. This volume does not offer a comprehensive delineation of the hoard finds, or a full answer to the question of what brought the silver north. But it highlights the trade in slaves as driving exchanges on a trans-continental scale. By their very nature, the nexuses were complex, mutable and unclear even to contemporaries, and they have eluded modern scholarship. Contributions to this volume shed light on processes and key places: the mints of Central Asia; the chronology of the inflows of dirhams to Rus and northern Europe; the reasons why silver was deposited in the ground and why so much ended up on Gotland; the functioning of networks – perhaps comparable to the twenty-first-century drug trade; slave-trading in the British Isles; and the stimulus and additional networks that the Vikings brought into play. This combination of general surveys, presentations of fresh evidence and regional case studies sets Gotland and the early medieval slave trade in a firmer framework than has been available before.

• Baug, Irene; Heldal, Tom; Jansen, Øystein James & Skre, Dagfinn (2020). Brynesteiner i Ribe – fra fjerne utmarksområder til sentrale markeder. By, marsk og geest, Kulturhistorisk tidsskrift for Sydvestjylland. ISSN 0905-5649. 32, s. 44–59. Vis sammendrag

  Brynesteiner var nødvendige redskaper for å vedlikeholde jernverktøy med skarpe egger og spisser, og de er en av de mest vanlige gjenstandstypene fra jernalder og middelalder. Geologiske analyser av materialet i Ribe viser at over halvparten av brynene kom fra steinbrudd i dagens Norge – fra Mostadmarka i Trøndelag og Eidsborg i Telemark. Importen av bryner fra Mostadmarka begynte allerede tidlig på 700-tallet, og vitner om en stabil og godt organisert tilførsel som varte i flere århundrer. På begynnelsen av 800-tallet skjer det likevel en endring i materialet, der bryner fra Eidsborg blir mer vanlig og etterhvert dominerer markedet. Bryner fra de norske steinbruddene er synlige eksempel på handel mellom Ribe og fjerne utmarksområder siden tidlig på 700-tallet. Dette var langvarige og stabile kontakter – der de samme steinbruddene forsynte byen med bryner i over 500 år.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2020). Rulership and Ruler’s Sites in 1st–10th-century Scandinavia. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia. Royal graves and sites at Avaldsnes and beyond. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042579-6. s. 193–243. doi: https%3A/doi.org/10.1515/9783110421101-003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This book discusses the 1st-11th century developments that led to the formation of the three Scandinavian kingdoms in the Viking Age. Wide-ranging studies of communication routes, regional identities, judicial territories, and royal sites and graves trace a complex trajectory of rulership in these pagan Germanic societies. In the fi nal section, new light is shed on the pinnacle and demise of the Norwegian kingdom in the 13th-14th centuries. The book seeks to revitalise the somewhat stagnant scholarly debate on Germanic rulership in the first millennium AD. A series of comprehensive chapters combines literary evidence on Scandinavia’s polities, kings, and other rulers with archaeological, documentary, toponymical, and linguistic evidence. The picture that emerges is one of surprisingly stable rulership institutions, sites, and myths, while control of them was contested between individuals, dynasties, and polities. While in the early centuries, Scandinavia was integrated in Germanic Europe, profound societal and cultural changes in 6th-century Scandinavia and the Christianisation of Continental and English kingdoms set northern kingship on a different path. The pagan heroic warrior ethos, essential to kingship, was developed and refined; only to recur overseas embodied in 9th–10th-century Vikings. Three chapters on a hitherto unknown masonry royal manor at Avaldsnes in western Norway, excavated 2017, concludes this volume with discussions of the late-medieval peak of Norwegian kingship and it’s eventual downfall in the late 14th century. This book’s discussions and results are relevant to all scholars and students of 1st-millenium Germanic kingship, polities, and societies.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2019). Yggdrasil by the Norðvegr. I Ljung, Cecilia; Sjögren, Anna Andreasson; Berg, Ingrid; Engström, Elin; Stenholm, Ann-Mari Hållans; Jonsson, Kristina; Klevnäs, Alison; Qviström, Linda & Zachrisson, Torun (Red.), Tidens landskap. En vänbok til Anders Andrén. Nordic Academic Press. ISSN 978-91-88909-12-1. s. 125–127.
• Baug, Irene; Skre, Dagfinn; Heldal, Tom & Jansen, Øystein James (2018). The beginning of the Viking Age in the West. Journal of Maritime Archaeology. ISSN 1557-2285. doi: 10.1007/s11457-018-9221-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  During the Viking Age, Arctic Scandinavia was a source of exquisite furs, down, walrus ivory, and other commodities that met with high demand in England and on the Continent. Hitherto, the earliest firm evidence of this trade has been Ohthere’s account c. 890, but in light of this paper’s findings, its history may be pushed further back in time. Geological analyses of whetstones retrieved in eighth- to early ninth-century Ribe, south-western Jylland, in present-day western Denmark, demonstrate that the majority were quarried near the aristocratic manor Lade (‘loading/storing place’) in Trøndelag, present-day central Norway, some 1100 km by sea to the north. Because of their high numbers and durability, whetstones retrieved in Ribe and other urban sites may be regarded as a proxy for long-distance seaborne trade from the Arctic. The peak in this trade on the threshold of the Viking Age invites a reconsideration of the coinciding and conflicting interests of Scandinavian long-distance traders, kings, and Vikings. It is argued that coalitions and conflicts that arose from these interests, and new constraints and opportunities that emerged for these three types of agents, provide keys to understanding why and where Vikings raided overseas up to the mid-ninth century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Sea Kings on the Norðvegr. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 781–799. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-031. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). The Raised Stones. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 639–664. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). The Warrior Manor. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 765–779. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). The Avaldsnes Royal Manor Project’s Research Plan and Excavation Objectives. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 53–61. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Exploring Avaldsnes 1540–2005. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 11–34. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Rethinking Avaldsnes and Kormt. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 3–9. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Aristocratic Presence along the Karmsund Strait 2000 BC–AD 1368. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. 749–764. doi: 10.1515/9783110421088-029. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Monetary practices in early medieval western Scandinavia (5th–10th centuries AD). Medieval Archaeology. ISSN 0076-6097. 61(2), s. 277–299. doi: 10.1080/00766097.2017.1374096. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A SOCIAL APPROACH TO MONETISATION shifts the attention from the classic money media — gold and silver — to the dissemination of two social practices: valuing and paying. When these two monetary practices first became widespread in western Scandinavia during the gold rich migration period (in the 5th to 6th centuries ad), they were not introduced in the sphere of trade, but instead were features of traditional or customary payments, such as weregeld (atonements for murder or offences against the person) or marriage dowries. By the Viking Age, in the late 8th to 10th centuries ad, despite flourishing commodity production, precious metals were used as payment in trade solely in towns. Even in towns, this commercial use seems to have been adopted late, and was employed only occasionally. This paper reviews the changing approaches to money and monetisation, and draws attention to the potential for regarding monetisation as the spread of a set of social practices.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Scandinavian monetisation in the first millennium AD – practices and institutions. I Moreland, John; Mitchell, John & Leal, Bea (Red.), Encounters, Excavations and Argosies. Essays for Richard Hodges. Archaeopress. ISSN 9781784916817. s. 291–299. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Viking-age Economic Transformations. The West-Scandinavian Case. I Glørstad, Ann Zanette Tsigaridas & Loftsgarden, Kjetil (Red.), Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-47-247077-5. s. 1–27. doi: 10.4324/9781315548197-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skre, Dagfinn (2016). Money and Commodities in Viking Age Scandinavia. I Turner, Val E.; Owen, Olwyn A. & Waugh, Doreen J. (Red.), Shetland and the Viking World. Papers from the Seventeenth Viking Congress, Lerwick. Shetland Heritage Publications. ISSN 978-0-9932740-3-9. s. 287–292.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2016). Norðvegr – Norway: From Sea Kings to Land Kings. I Jackson, Tatjana N. (Red.), Ancient Rus’ and Medieval Europe: the emergence of states. Древняя Русь и средневековая Европа: возникновение государств. Dmitriy Pozharskiy University. ISSN 978-5-91244-147-9. s. 179–192.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2016). De friville detektoristene - våre gode allierte. I Martens, Jes & Ravn, Mads (Red.), Pløyejord som kontekst. Nye utfordringer for forskning, forvaltning og formidling. Portal forlag. ISSN 978-82-8314-073-6. s. 107–110.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2015). From Kaupang and Avaldsnes to the Irish Sea. I Purcell, Emer (Red.), Clerics, kings and Vikings. Essays on medieval Ireland in honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Four Courts Press. ISSN 9781846822797. s. 237–246.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2015). Post-substantivist production and trade. Specialized sites for trade and craft production in Scandinavia c. 600-1000 AD. I Barrett, James H. & Gibson, Sarah Jane (Red.), Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. Maney Publishing. ISSN 9781909662797. s. 156–170.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2014). Norðvegr - Norway: From sailing route to kingdom. European Review. ISSN 1062-7987. 22(1), s. 34–44. doi: 10.1017/S1062798713000604.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2014). Fri er den "som fri kommer til verden". Om friheten i vikingtiden. I Gullbekk, Svein Harald (Red.), Ja, vi elsker frihet. Dreyer Forlag A/S. ISSN 978-82-8265-093-9. s. 172–179.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Money and trade in Viking-Age Scandinavia. I Bogucki, Mateusz & Rębkowski, Marian (Red.), Economies, Monetisation and Society in West Slavic Lands 800-1200 AD. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences,. ISSN 978-83-63760-16-8. s. 75–88.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2012). Markets, towns and currencies in Scandinavia c. 200–1000 AD. I Gelichi, Sauro & Hodges, Richard (Red.), From one sea to another. Trading places in the European and Mediterranean Early Middle Ages. Brepols. ISSN 978-2-503-54527-1. s. 47–63. doi: 10.1484/m.scisam-eb.1.101087.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). Centrality, Landholding and Trade in Scandinavia c. AD 700-900, Settlement and Lordship in Viking and Early medieval Scandinavia. Brepols. ISSN 9782503531311. s. 197–212. doi: 10.1484/m.tmc-eb.4.1011.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). Commodity Money, Silver and Coinage in Viking-Age Scandinavia. I Graham-Campbell, James; Sindbæk, Søren Michael & Williams, Gareth (Red.), Silver Economies, Monetisation and Society in Scandinavia AD 800-1100. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779345850. s. 67–91.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). Kaupang: between East and West; between North and South. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Things from the Town. Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-age Kaupang. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 978-87-7934-309-2. s. 443–449. Vis sammendrag

  The third volume covering the excavations of 1998–2003 in the Viking-period town of Kaupang examines a range of artefacts and discusses the inhabitants of the town: their origins, activities and trading connexions. Certain key threads from both this and the two previous volumes in the series are drawn together. The main categories of artefact are metal jewellery and ornaments, gemstones, vessel glass, pottery, finds of soapstone, whetstones and textile-production equipment. The artefacts are described and dated, and in some cases their areas of origin are discussed. An exceptional wealth and diversity of artefacts distinguishes sites such as Kaupang from all other types of site in the Viking world. This reflects the fact that a large population of some 400–600 people, engaged in a comprehensive range of production and trade, lived closely together in the town c. ad 800–930. The finds and structural remains make it possible to identify the activities that took place within the six buildings excavated. The earliest buildings were in use only periodically, but those erected in the 820s were occupied permanently. The earlier structures were used for limited periods by a variety of craftsmen, but those in permanent occupation were primarily houses and only secondarily workshops. Throughout the life of the town, trade links with southern Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Irish Sea appear to have been strong. In the earliest phases of the town there was considerable trade with the Frisian zone, probably with Dorestad, but this link faded in the second half of the 9th century, probably because Dorestad had been abandoned. Kaupang seems to have been supplied with goods from the interior of eastern Norway, while goods from the western coastland of Norway are all but absent. Finds of personal equipment show that many of the inhabitants were from southern and western Scandinavia. One house can be identified as that of a Frisian household engaged in trade. There were also Slavs in Kaupang, although it is not clear if they too were long-term residents. Kaupang was located in a border zone between southern and northern Scandinavia as well as between the East and the West. The trading potential of such border zones is probably why Kaupang, unlike Ribe, survived the demise of the Frisian trade in the mid-late 9th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). The Inhabitants: Origins and Trading Connexions. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Things from the Town. Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-age Kaupang. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 978-87-7934-309-2. s. 417–441. Vis sammendrag

  The third volume covering the excavations of 1998–2003 in the Viking-period town of Kaupang examines a range of artefacts and discusses the inhabitants of the town: their origins, activities and trading connexions. Certain key threads from both this and the two previous volumes in the series are drawn together. The main categories of artefact are metal jewellery and ornaments, gemstones, vessel glass, pottery, finds of soapstone, whetstones and textile-production equipment. The artefacts are described and dated, and in some cases their areas of origin are discussed. An exceptional wealth and diversity of artefacts distinguishes sites such as Kaupang from all other types of site in the Viking world. This reflects the fact that a large population of some 400–600 people, engaged in a comprehensive range of production and trade, lived closely together in the town c. ad 800–930. The finds and structural remains make it possible to identify the activities that took place within the six buildings excavated. The earliest buildings were in use only periodically, but those erected in the 820s were occupied permanently. The earlier structures were used for limited periods by a variety of craftsmen, but those in permanent occupation were primarily houses and only secondarily workshops. Throughout the life of the town, trade links with southern Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Irish Sea appear to have been strong. In the earliest phases of the town there was considerable trade with the Frisian zone, probably with Dorestad, but this link faded in the second half of the 9th century, probably because Dorestad had been abandoned. Kaupang seems to have been supplied with goods from the interior of eastern Norway, while goods from the western coastland of Norway are all but absent. Finds of personal equipment show that many of the inhabitants were from southern and western Scandinavia. One house can be identified as that of a Frisian household engaged in trade. There were also Slavs in Kaupang, although it is not clear if they too were long-term residents. Kaupang was located in a border zone between southern and northern Scandinavia as well as between the East and the West. The trading potential of such border zones is probably why Kaupang, unlike Ribe, survived the demise of the Frisian trade in the mid-late 9th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). The Inhabitants: Activities. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Things from the Town. Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-age Kaupang. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 978-87-7934-309-2. s. 397–415. Vis sammendrag

  The third volume covering the excavations of 1998–2003 in the Viking-period town of Kaupang examines a range of artefacts and discusses the inhabitants of the town: their origins, activities and trading connexions. Certain key threads from both this and the two previous volumes in the series are drawn together. The main categories of artefact are metal jewellery and ornaments, gemstones, vessel glass, pottery, finds of soapstone, whetstones and textile-production equipment. The artefacts are described and dated, and in some cases their areas of origin are discussed. An exceptional wealth and diversity of artefacts distinguishes sites such as Kaupang from all other types of site in the Viking world. This reflects the fact that a large population of some 400–600 people, engaged in a comprehensive range of production and trade, lived closely together in the town c. ad 800–930. The finds and structural remains make it possible to identify the activities that took place within the six buildings excavated. The earliest buildings were in use only periodically, but those erected in the 820s were occupied permanently. The earlier structures were used for limited periods by a variety of craftsmen, but those in permanent occupation were primarily houses and only secondarily workshops. Throughout the life of the town, trade links with southern Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Irish Sea appear to have been strong. In the earliest phases of the town there was considerable trade with the Frisian zone, probably with Dorestad, but this link faded in the second half of the 9th century, probably because Dorestad had been abandoned. Kaupang seems to have been supplied with goods from the interior of eastern Norway, while goods from the western coastland of Norway are all but absent. Finds of personal equipment show that many of the inhabitants were from southern and western Scandinavia. One house can be identified as that of a Frisian household engaged in trade. There were also Slavs in Kaupang, although it is not clear if they too were long-term residents. Kaupang was located in a border zone between southern and northern Scandinavia as well as between the East and the West. The trading potential of such border zones is probably why Kaupang, unlike Ribe, survived the demise of the Frisian trade in the mid-late 9th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn & Pilø, Lars Holger (2011). Introduction to the Site. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Things from the Town. Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-age Kaupang. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 978-87-7934-309-2. s. 17–26. Vis sammendrag

  The third volume covering the excavations of 1998–2003 in the Viking-period town of Kaupang examines a range of artefacts and discusses the inhabitants of the town: their origins, activities and trading connexions. Certain key threads from both this and the two previous volumes in the series are drawn together. The main categories of artefact are metal jewellery and ornaments, gemstones, vessel glass, pottery, finds of soapstone, whetstones and textile-production equipment. The artefacts are described and dated, and in some cases their areas of origin are discussed. An exceptional wealth and diversity of artefacts distinguishes sites such as Kaupang from all other types of site in the Viking world. This reflects the fact that a large population of some 400–600 people, engaged in a comprehensive range of production and trade, lived closely together in the town c. ad 800–930. The finds and structural remains make it possible to identify the activities that took place within the six buildings excavated. The earliest buildings were in use only periodically, but those erected in the 820s were occupied permanently. The earlier structures were used for limited periods by a variety of craftsmen, but those in permanent occupation were primarily houses and only secondarily workshops. Throughout the life of the town, trade links with southern Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Irish Sea appear to have been strong. In the earliest phases of the town there was considerable trade with the Frisian zone, probably with Dorestad, but this link faded in the second half of the 9th century, probably because Dorestad had been abandoned. Kaupang seems to have been supplied with goods from the interior of eastern Norway, while goods from the western coastland of Norway are all but absent. Finds of personal equipment show that many of the inhabitants were from southern and western Scandinavia. One house can be identified as that of a Frisian household engaged in trade. There were also Slavs in Kaupang, although it is not clear if they too were long-term residents. Kaupang was located in a border zone between southern and northern Scandinavia as well as between the East and the West. The trading potential of such border zones is probably why Kaupang, unlike Ribe, survived the demise of the Frisian trade in the mid-late 9th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). Introduction. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Things from the Town. Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-age Kaupang. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 978-87-7934-309-2. s. 13–15. Vis sammendrag

  The third volume covering the excavations of 1998–2003 in the Viking-period town of Kaupang examines a range of artefacts and discusses the inhabitants of the town: their origins, activities and trading connexions. Certain key threads from both this and the two previous volumes in the series are drawn together. The main categories of artefact are metal jewellery and ornaments, gemstones, vessel glass, pottery, finds of soapstone, whetstones and textile-production equipment. The artefacts are described and dated, and in some cases their areas of origin are discussed. An exceptional wealth and diversity of artefacts distinguishes sites such as Kaupang from all other types of site in the Viking world. This reflects the fact that a large population of some 400–600 people, engaged in a comprehensive range of production and trade, lived closely together in the town c. ad 800–930. The finds and structural remains make it possible to identify the activities that took place within the six buildings excavated. The earliest buildings were in use only periodically, but those erected in the 820s were occupied permanently. The earlier structures were used for limited periods by a variety of craftsmen, but those in permanent occupation were primarily houses and only secondarily workshops. Throughout the life of the town, trade links with southern Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Irish Sea appear to have been strong. In the earliest phases of the town there was considerable trade with the Frisian zone, probably with Dorestad, but this link faded in the second half of the 9th century, probably because Dorestad had been abandoned. Kaupang seems to have been supplied with goods from the interior of eastern Norway, while goods from the western coastland of Norway are all but absent. Finds of personal equipment show that many of the inhabitants were from southern and western Scandinavia. One house can be identified as that of a Frisian household engaged in trade. There were also Slavs in Kaupang, although it is not clear if they too were long-term residents. Kaupang was located in a border zone between southern and northern Scandinavia as well as between the East and the West. The trading potential of such border zones is probably why Kaupang, unlike Ribe, survived the demise of the Frisian trade in the mid-late 9th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2010). From Dorestad to Kaupang. Frankish Traders and Settlers in a 9th-century Scandinavian Town, Dorestad in an international Framework. New Research on Centres of Trade and Coinage in Carolingian Times. Brepols. ISSN 978-2-503-53401-5. s. 137–141.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2010). Centrality and places. The central place at Skiringssal in Vestfold, Norway. Studien zur Sachsenforschung. ISSN 0933-4734. 1, s. 220–231.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2010). Comment on Lars Jørgensen: Gudme and Tissø. Two magnates’ complexes in Denmark from the 3rd to the 11th century AD. Studien zur Sachsenforschung. ISSN 0933-4734. 1, s. 287–288.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Introduction. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779343085. s. 9–12.
• Skre, Dagfinn & Pilø, Lars Holger (2008). Introduction to the Site. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779343085. s. 13–25.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Post-substantivist Towns and Trade AD 600–1000. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779343085. s. 327–342.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Dealing with Silver. Economic Agency in South-Western Scandinavia AD 600–1000. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779343085. s. 343–355.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). The development of urbanism in Scandinavia. I Brink, Stefan & Price, Neil (Red.), The Viking World. Routledge. ISSN 0415333156. s. 83–93.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Kaupang – ‘Skíringssalr’. I Brink, Stefan & Price, Neil (Red.), The Viking World. Routledge. ISSN 0415333156. s. 112–120.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Dark Age Towns: The Kaupang Case. Reply to Przemysław Urbanczyk. Norwegian Archaeological Review. ISSN 0029-3652. 41, s. 194–212. Vis sammendrag

  In this reply to Przemysław Urban´czyk’s review article on the first Kaupang volume, the main themes in his critique are commented on. Several discussions in the book, like that of centrality, are deepened, and some of the main conclusions and their basis are summarized. A perspective on urbanism is suggested that avoids the evolutionistic rigour built into Urban´czyk’s understanding of towns. When high medieval or Roman towns are given status as ideal types, Dark Age towns are inevitably deemed essentially lacking. This prevents a true understanding of them and their surrounding societies. Dark Age towns should rather be understood as woven into the political, economical, cultural and social environments in which they existed. Various issues concerning Kaupang and Skiringssal are considered, agreeing with Urban´czyk that several of the book’s conclusions are not definitive, although arguing that they are the most plausible. The choice of the historical narrative in the book’s concluding chapters is discussed in the context of the nature of the Kaupang/Skiringssal evidence and of a specific view of the archaeological endeavour. The understanding of Dark Age urban sites necessitates an interdisciplinary approach, recognizing the potential of source material outside a strictly archaeological horizon.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Preface. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 5–5. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Introduction. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 13–24. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Exploring Skiringssal 1771-1999. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 27–42. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Preparing the New Campaign. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 43–51. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Excavations of the Hall at Huseby. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 223–247. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). The Skiringssal Cemetery. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 363–383. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). The Skiringssal Thing site Thjodalyng. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 385–406. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). The Dating of Ynglingatal. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 407–429. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). The Emergence of a Central Place: Skiringssal in the 8th Century. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 431–443. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Towns and Markets,Kings and Central Places in South-western Scandinavia c.AD 800–950. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISSN 9788779342590. s. 445–469. Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). The Sciringes healh of Ohthere's time. I Bately, Janet & Englert, Anton (Red.), Ohthere's Voyages. A late 9th-century account of voyages along the coasts of Norway and Denmark and its cultural context. Vikingeskibsmuseet. ISSN 9788785180476. s. 150–156.

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• Skre, Dagfinn (2020). Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia. Royal graves and sites at Avaldsnes and beyond. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISBN 978-3-11-042579-6. 545 s. Vis sammendrag

  This book discusses the 1st-11th century developments that led to the formation of the three Scandinavian kingdoms in the Viking Age. Wide-ranging studies of communication routes, regional identities, judicial territories, and royal sites and graves trace a complex trajectory of rulership in these pagan Germanic societies. In the fi nal section, new light is shed on the pinnacle and demise of the Norwegian kingdom in the 13th-14th centuries. The book seeks to revitalise the somewhat stagnant scholarly debate on Germanic rulership in the first millennium AD. A series of comprehensive chapters combines literary evidence on Scandinavia’s polities, kings, and other rulers with archaeological, documentary, toponymical, and linguistic evidence. The picture that emerges is one of surprisingly stable rulership institutions, sites, and myths, while control of them was contested between individuals, dynasties, and polities. While in the early centuries, Scandinavia was integrated in Germanic Europe, profound societal and cultural changes in 6th-century Scandinavia and the Christianisation of Continental and English kingdoms set northern kingship on a different path. The pagan heroic warrior ethos, essential to kingship, was developed and refined; only to recur overseas embodied in 9th–10th-century Vikings. Three chapters on a hitherto unknown masonry royal manor at Avaldsnes in western Norway, excavated 2017, concludes this volume with discussions of the late-medieval peak of Norwegian kingship and it’s eventual downfall in the late 14th century. This book’s discussions and results are relevant to all scholars and students of 1st-millenium Germanic kingship, polities, and societies.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISBN 978-3-11-042108-8. 897 s. Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). Things from the Town. Artefacts and Inhabitants in Viking-age Kaupang. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 978-87-7934-309-2. 483 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The third volume covering the excavations of 1998–2003 in the Viking-period town of Kaupang examines a range of artefacts and discusses the inhabitants of the town: their origins, activities and trading connexions. Certain key threads from both this and the two previous volumes in the series are drawn together. The main categories of artefact are metal jewellery and ornaments, gemstones, vessel glass, pottery, finds of soapstone, whetstones and textile-production equipment. The artefacts are described and dated, and in some cases their areas of origin are discussed. An exceptional wealth and diversity of artefacts distinguishes sites such as Kaupang from all other types of site in the Viking world. This reflects the fact that a large population of some 400–600 people, engaged in a comprehensive range of production and trade, lived closely together in the town c. ad 800–930. The finds and structural remains make it possible to identify the activities that took place within the six buildings excavated. The earliest buildings were in use only periodically, but those erected in the 820s were occupied permanently. The earlier structures were used for limited periods by a variety of craftsmen, but those in permanent occupation were primarily houses and only secondarily workshops. Throughout the life of the town, trade links with southern Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Irish Sea appear to have been strong. In the earliest phases of the town there was considerable trade with the Frisian zone, probably with Dorestad, but this link faded in the second half of the 9th century, probably because Dorestad had been abandoned. Kaupang seems to have been supplied with goods from the interior of eastern Norway, while goods from the western coastland of Norway are all but absent. Finds of personal equipment show that many of the inhabitants were from southern and western Scandinavia. One house can be identified as that of a Frisian household engaged in trade. There were also Slavs in Kaupang, although it is not clear if they too were long-term residents. Kaupang was located in a border zone between southern and northern Scandinavia as well as between the East and the West. The trading potential of such border zones is probably why Kaupang, unlike Ribe, survived the demise of the Frisian trade in the mid-late 9th century.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Means of Exchange. Dealing with Silver in the Viking Age. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 9788779343085. 378 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 9788779342590. 1(1). 502 s. Vis sammendrag

  The main aim of this chapter is to provide as much environmental background information as possible for the new archaeological excavation projects at the Viking-age settlement at Kaupang. The geological history, based on previous publications and a new mapping of the site and the surroundings, is described in detail. Emphasis has been placed on the distribution and characteristics of the soils. The anthropogenic soil material (cultural deposits) deposited during the occupation of the settlement is described, and the erosion history after the settlement was abandoned is quantified. Pollen analysis of a nearby peat-bog describes natural and man-made vegetation changes before, during, and after the occupation of the settlement. Pollen and diatom analyses of the present embayment sediments give supplementary information on the local vegetation development, as well as circulation-pattern changes in the fjord system. Emphasis has been placed on changes in the agricultural activities at and around the settlement. Previous and new data on sea-level changes, adjusted to the Kaupang area and supplemented with sediment studies at the settlement, indicate a slightly higher Viking-age sea-level than earlier reported. It also gives information on changes in Viking-age maritime communication during the occupation of the settlement. Instrumental and historical data on tidal variation indicate that occasional extreme spring tides, up to c. 1.5 m above mean sea-level, might have had some impact on the shore constructions and the lower areas of the Viking-age settlement.

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 9788779342590. 502 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998–2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that Ohthere (Óttarr) visited in c. 890 AD. It is argued that Kaupang was one of three towns that were founded in south-west Scandinavia around the year 800. Kaupang was founded in the power centre Skiringssal, which for decades had been ruled by the Ynglings – the legendary Norwegian royal lineage. The founding was probably initiated by the King of the Danes – the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia at the time. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe – i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses, published here, have played an important role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. These sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden, so called “central places”. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, has been excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site was situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings’ centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. The transition to Christian religious practices in Viken in the middle of the 10th century and the consequent demise of pagan cult activities in Skiringssal was probably a key factor in the abandonment of Kaupang at that time. In nine of the book’s 20 chapters, the excavations’ finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research in the 19th and early 20th century.

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• Skre, Dagfinn (2017). Preface. I Skre, Dagfinn (Red.), Avaldsnes - A Sea-Kings' Manor in First-Millennium Western Scandinavia. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-042108-8. s. V–VII. Vis sammendrag

  The Avaldsnes Royal Manor project explores early kingship in Northern Europe, spanning the period c. AD–1320 AD. The principal case is the Norwegian kingdom and the core site is Avaldsnes near Haugesund, Western Norway. 9th–10th century skaldic poems as well as 13th century sagas implies that Avaldsnes was the principal Viking Age royal manor. The site has produced numerous exquisite gravefinds from the Roman period onwards. Among them are the third century Flaghaug grave and two ship graves from the late 8th century. Also, the Oseberg ship, excavated near Oslo, is now proven to have been built c. 820 near Avaldsnes. The Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, excavated the Avaldsnes settlement in 2011–12. A team of 23 scholars from prominent academic institutions, including the University of Cambridge and University College London, participate in the research. This first of two volumes contains their results regarding the manor and its setting on the island of Kǫrmt by the Norðvegr, the sheltered sailing route along the West-Scandinavian coast. Together, the chapters produce a detailed 1000-years’ history of a complex central-place area, its monuments and buildings, its activities and functions, its blooming and fading, and eventually its downfall in the 14th century.

• Fuglestvedt, Ingrid; Gansum, Terje; Lillehammer, Grete Kirsten Grimsrud; Skre, Dagfinn; Øye, Ingvild & Iversen, Frode [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Bjørn Myhre 1938–2015, minneord. Viking. ISSN 0332-608X. s. 7–12. doi: 10.5617/viking.3901.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Avaldsnes, a sea-kings’ seat by the Norðvegr.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Money in Viking-Age Scandinavia: silver, coinage and commodities.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Utgravningene på Avaldsnes.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Utgravningene på Avaldsnes.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Avaldsnes ved Norðvegr.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Konger og haller ved Avaldsnes og Kaupang.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Universalisme og partikularisme i studiet av urbanisering.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Money and trade in Viking-Age Scandinavia.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Kaupang, according to the Kaupang Excavation Project 2000-2011.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Avaldsnes ved Norðvegr.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Avaldsnes – Kongssete ved Nordvegen.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Universalism and particularism in urban studies.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2013). Statement regarding Karin Rosberg: Terminology for houses and house remains. Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History. ISSN 2001-1199. 8, s. 2–3.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2012). Utgravningene på Avaldsnes avsluttet! Frá haug ok heiðni. ISSN 0015-9255. s. 3–9.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2011). Noen resultater fra utgravningene på Avaldsnes 2011. Frá haug ok heiðni. ISSN 0015-9255. s. 3–7.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Historisk sannhet. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208. s. 44–45.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Arkeologien og livet. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Fanget av fortiden (Portrettintervju). [Avis]. Haugesunds Avis.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2008). Bloms kampfly (intervju om terrengscanning Avaldsnes). [Avis]. Finansavisen.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Recension: John Ljungkvist: En hiar atti rikR. Om elit, struktur och ekonomi kring Uppsala och Mälaren under yngre järnålder. Fornvännen. ISSN 0015-7813. s. 57–58.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Skarpe observasjoner (Anmeldelse av Anne Eriksen: Topografenes verden). Apollon : Forskningsmagasin for Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 0803-6926.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Tingene vandrer. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208. 2.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Evolusjonslærens inntog. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208. 1.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Topografiske villfarelser. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Samfunnet - en organisme. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). En moderne arkeologi. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Arkeologi i 1984. Den lille arkeologiskolen. Levende Historie. ISSN 1503-4208. s. 30–31.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Verdt å vite. Intervju om Kaupang. [Radio]. NRK P2.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Sponsor i veien for samarbeid. [Avis]. Haugesunds Avis. Vis sammendrag

  Intervju om Avaldsnes

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). AmS trekker seg ut fra Avaldsnes-prosjektet. [Avis]. Stavanger Aftenblad. Vis sammendrag

  Intervju om Avaldsnes

• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Intervju om Avaldsnes. [Radio]. NRK Rogaland.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Bjørvika er dårligst tenkelig sted for vikingskipene. [Avis]. Uniforum.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Intervju om boken "Kaupang in Skiringssal". [Radio]. NRK P2 Kulturnytt.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Intervju om boken "Kaupang in Skiringssal". [Radio]. NRK P2 Dagsnytt Atten.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Intervju om boken "Kaupang in Skiringssal". [Radio]. NRK P1 Østafjells.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Danenes by i Norge. [Avis]. Dagbladet.
• Skre, Dagfinn (2007). Derfor ble Kaupang Norges første by. [Avis]. Aftenposten.
• Molaug, Petter Bjerregaard; Skre, Dagfinn & Flodin, Lena (2018). Oslogate 6. Arkeologiske utgravninger 1987-1989. NIKU, Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning. Vis sammendrag

  De store arkeologiske utgravningene i de norske middelalderbyene siden 1970 har gitt et vell av dokumentasjonsmateriale, gjenstander og andre levninger fra en type kulturminner som har stor kulturhistorisk verdi, både kildeverdi og opplevelsesverdi. Ikke minst gir de tykke kulturlagene med til dels meget godt bevart organisk materiale utrolig gode muligheter til å komme nærmere hendelser og tilstander i et område. Oslogate 6 er et slikt område. Rapporten er en gjennomgang og systematisering av materialet fra ett av de viktigste utgravningsfeltene i Oslo. Det gir også bakgrunnen for den funksjons- og aktivitetsanalysen som er foretatt og setter feltet inn i en videre geografisk sammenheng. Feltmetoden i Oslogate 6 var basert på utgravning og dokumentering av de enkelte jordlagene, i tillegg til mer nøyaktig geografisk stedfesting av funnmaterialet. Spesiell vekt ble lagt på beskrivelse av de enkelte lagene for å kunne vurdere lettere hvordan de var dannet. De eldste funnene på stedet var ardspor fra en åker datert til vikingtid. Bybebyggelsen har startet i slutten av 1000-tallet, da med stor vekt på metallbearbeiding. Fra sent 1100-tall var området dominert av skomakervirksomhet. Bebyggelsesutviklingen er den samme som i andre deler av middelalder-Oslo, med økende tetthet og regularitet frem til 1200-tallet, hvor størsteparten av arealet var dekket av tømmerhus, den resterende delen av trebrolegninger. Bygårdsstrukturen var ganske stabil med gjennom hele middelalderen fra midten av 1100-tallet med bodbygninger ut mot gaten (stretet) og rekker med hus med gavlen mot gaten innover i bygården, inntil en gårdsplass. Eiendomsgrensene fortsatte også inn i nyere tid, da det ble bygget noen steinkjellere i tillegg til trebygningene og husene lå noe mindre tett enn i høymiddelalderen. Dateringene av bebyggelsesfasene og aktivitetene er gjort ved dendrokronologi, C14-datering og datering av gjenstandsmaterialet. Det sistnevnte domineres av lær, særlig læravfall fra skoproduksjon, men også ferdige, utgåtte sko. I dette området av middelalderbyen lå i høy- og senmiddelalderen skomakerbodene, omtalt i skriftlige kilder. Andre viktige funngrupper er av tre, gevir, metall og stein. Alle gjenstander er forsøkt funksjonsinndelt.

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